Frontal variant of Alzheimer's disease and typical Alzheimer's disease: A comparative study
نویسندگان
چکیده
Título: La variante frontal de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y la enfermedad de Alzheimer típica: un estudio comparativo. Resumen: Una de las características de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es su heterogeneidad clínica. Así, la presentación atípica frontal o disejecutiva es cada vez más conocida, aunque los factores subyacentes se desconocen. En este estudio se comparó el rendimiento neuropsicológico de dos grupos de pacientes con EA (variante frontal -EAvfy típica -EAT-). El grupo EAvf (n = 13) fue seleccionado por la existencia de una hipocaptación frontal. Los resultados revelaron que el grupo EAvf manifestó un trastorno disejecutivo grave, una sintomatología neuropsiquiátrica más severa (desinhibición y apatía), mayor deterioro funcional y generó mayor sobrecarga en el cuidador que el grupo EAT sin afectación frontal (n = 47). A pesar de que el grupo EAvf rindió más bajo en todos los test neuropsicológicos, solo se encontraron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos en las tareas de velocidad de procesamiento y visuoconstrucción. El análisis de regresión logística reveló que las puntuaciones de velocidad de procesamiento y flexibilidad mental predicen significativamente el diagnostico de EAvf. La existencia de reflejo de graspin, anosognosia y la no posesión del APOE e4 también fue más prevalente en el grupo EAvf. Este grupo mostró una predominancia de varones y fue más propenso a tener una historia familiar positiva para la EA. Para concluir, el estudio sugiere que la EAvf representa un subtipo de EA que parece tener características clínicas, neuropsicológicas y genéticas diferentes a la EAT. Palabras clave: Variante frontal de la enfermedad de Alzheimer; funciones ejecutivas; anosognosia; Apolipoprotein E; déficits neuropsicológicos; trastornos neuropsiquiátricos. Abstract: Clinical heterogeneity is one of the characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Hence, the atypical frontal or dysexecutive presentation is becoming increasingly well-known, although the underlying factors are still unknown. In this study, the neuropsychological performance of two groups of patients with AD (frontal variant--ADfv--and typical--TAD) were compared. The ADfv group (n = 13) was selected due to the existence of frontal hypoperfusion on a simple photon emission computer tomography (SPECT). The results revealed that the ADfv group displayed a severe dysexecutive disorder, more severe neuropsychiatric symptomatology (disinhibition and apathy), more functional impairment, and it generated a higher caregiver overload than the TAD group without frontal impairment (n = 47). Despite the facts that the ADfv group’s performance was poorer in all the neuropsychological tests, significant group differences were only found in the processing speed and visuoconstruction tasks. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the processing speed and mental flexibility scores significantly predicted a diagnosis of ADfv. The existence of the grasp reflex, anosognosia, and the absence of apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele (APOE e4) were also more prevalent in the ADfv group. This group had a predominance of males and it was more likely to have a positive family history of AD. To conclude, the study suggests that ADfv represents a subtype of AD that seems to have different clinical, neuropsychological, and genetic characteristics from TAD.
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